India’s Rare Earth Challenges: A Geopolitically Critical Industry Part 2 Rare earth element (REE) processing technology encompasses a series of complex, multi-stage processes designed to extract, separate, and purify REEs from their ores into usable forms, such as high-purity oxides, metals, or alloys. These technologies are critical due to the chemically similar nature of the 17 REEs, which makes their separation challenging, and the presence of radioactive byproducts like thorium and uranium, which complicates environmental management. Below is an expansive, detailed description of REE processing technology, covering each stage, the methods involved, associated challenges, and emerging innovations, with insights from experts to provide depth and context. This response also integrates the broader context of India’s REE sector challenges and global comparisons, particularly with China, as discussed previously. Processing rare earth elements (REEs) in India is particular...