Evolution of Welfare States: A Comparison of Japan, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Singapore (1975–2025) This analysis compares the welfare states of Japan, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Singapore from 1975 to 2025, using a multidimensional framework. It assesses welfare state models, social expenditure, key programs (healthcare, pensions, unemployment, education, housing), labor market inclusion, demographic and economic contexts, political dynamics, outcomes, and global influences. European nations (France, Germany, Italy, Spain) adopt social-democratic or conservative-corporatist models, with high social spending (20–30% of GDP) and universal healthcare, but face aging populations and fiscal pressures. Japan’s hybrid corporatist-developmentalist system, with 20% GDP expenditure, grapples with severe demographic challenges. Singapore’s liberal-residual model, spending 10–15% of GDP, prioritizes economic growth over redistribution. Outcomes show Europe reducing inequality...