Ancient Temples in Odisha, West Bengal, and Jharkhand: Kalinga, Pala, and Regional Traditions The ancient temples of Odisha, West Bengal, and Jharkhand are monumental expressions of Eastern India’s architectural and engineering prowess, rooted in the Kalinga (Nagara sub-style), Pala, and regional terracotta traditions. Constructed by dynasties such as the Somavanshis, Gangas, Palas, and local rulers, these temples showcase intricate carvings, towering deuls, and robust structural designs that have endured centuries. This treatise explores the evolution of temple architecture and engineering in these states, emphasizing construction techniques, material science, and aesthetic principles guided by Shilpa Shastra and Vastu Shastra. Ten iconic temples are analyzed for their unique contributions, supported by insights from archaeologists, historians, and engineers. From the Kalinga grandeur of Konark’s Sun Temple to the terracotta artistry of Bishnupur’s Shyam Rai Temple, these structure...