Amit's Blog

The Forge of Industry: Capitalism’s Industrial and Imperial Ascendancy (c. 1750–1914) Part 2 of 4 From the smoky mid-18th century to the dawn of the 20th, capitalism didn’t just evolve—it exploded, with all the grace of a runaway steam engine. Between 1750 and 1914, the Industrial Revolution and imperial ambition conspired to transform sleepy agrarian societies into roaring industrial beasts, while empires stretched their greedy fingers across the globe. Britain, with its knack for inventing things and subjugating people, stood at the helm, wielding steam engines and stock markets like a sorcerer with a particularly lucrative spellbook. This era, as Eric Hobsbawm so aptly put it, was when “the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution together created the modern world, shattering tradition and unleashing capitalism’s relentless dynamism” (Hobsbawm 1962, 45). But for every gleaming railway or bustling factory, there was a darker tale—of workers ground down by machines, colon...

German goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg is credited with inventing the printing press around 1436, although he was far from the first to automate the book-printing process. Woodblock printing in China dates back to the 9th century and Korean bookmakers were printing with moveable metal type a century before Gutenberg. But most historians believe Gutenberg’s adaptation, which employed a screw-type wine press to squeeze down evenly on the inked metal type, was the key to unlocking the modern age. With the newfound ability to inexpensively mass-produce books on every imaginable topic, revolutionary ideas and priceless ancient knowledge were placed in the hands of every literate European, whose numbers doubled every century. How was printing done before the invention of the printing press? Before the printing press became widespread across Europe, books were produced as manuscripts. These were hand-written books, mostly produced by scribes, monks and other church officials, and were valuable p...