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Ancient Temples in Odisha, West Bengal, and Jharkhand: Kalinga, Pala, and Regional Traditions

Ancient Temples in Odisha, West Bengal, and Jharkhand: Kalinga, Pala, and Regional Traditions The ancient temples of Odisha, West Bengal, and Jharkhand are monumental expressions of Eastern India’s architectural and engineering prowess, rooted in the Kalinga (Nagara sub-style), Pala, and regional terracotta traditions. Constructed by dynasties such as the Somavanshis, Gangas, Palas, and local rulers, these temples showcase intricate carvings, towering deuls, and robust structural designs that have endured centuries. This treatise explores the evolution of temple architecture and engineering in these states, emphasizing construction techniques, material science, and aesthetic principles guided by Shilpa Shastra and Vastu Shastra. Ten iconic temples are analyzed for their unique contributions, supported by insights from archaeologists, historians, and engineers. From the Kalinga grandeur of Konark’s Sun Temple to the terracotta artistry of Bishnupur’s Shyam Rai Temple, these structure...

Temples in Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh: Nagara and Regional Traditions

Ancient Temples in Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh: Nagara and Regional Traditions The ancient temples of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are monumental expressions of North India’s Nagara architecture and regional variations, blending spiritual devotion with technical ingenuity. Constructed by dynasties such as the Guptas, Kalachuris, Chandelas, and Panduvanshis, these temples showcase intricate sandstone and brick constructions, towering shikharas, and sophisticated structural designs that have endured centuries. This treatise explores the evolution of temple architecture and engineering in these states, emphasizing construction techniques, material science, and aesthetic principles rooted in Vastu Shastra. Ten iconic temples are analyzed for their unique contributions, supported by insights from archaeologists, historians, and engineers. From the Gupta-era Dasavatara Temple to the Kalachuri-inspired Bhoramdeo, these structures reflect a synthesis of art, science, and spirituality...