Preamble This note offers an in-depth exploration of neo-mercantilism, a modern economic policy emphasizing export-led growth, import restrictions, and state intervention to enhance national power and reserves. It evaluates its application across various countries, its drawbacks, and the success of developing nations that have thrived without it. The note focuses particularly on large developing economies—India, Brazil, and Indonesia—assessing their economic performance over the past 15 years, the necessity for alternative strategies, and the diminishing relevance of neo-mercantilism in today’s globalized economy. It incorporates insights from prominent economic thinkers, SWOT analyses, and evidence-based recommendations to outline sustainable paths forward. The structure includes a preamble, executive summary, detailed note, expanded takeaways, and references, ensuring a comprehensive and coherent analysis. Executive Summary Neo-mercantilism, a policy framework promoting exports...