India’s Rare Earth Challenges: A Geopolitically Critical Industry Part 1 India, endowed with 6.9 million metric tons of rare earth element (REE) reserves—the fifth-largest globally—holds immense potential to reshape the global REE landscape. Yet, its production of 2,900 metric tons in 2024 constitutes less than 1% of world output, dwarfed by China’s 240,000 metric tons. Concentrated in coastal monazite deposits in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Odisha, and Tamil Nadu, India’s REE sector is constrained by regulatory hurdles, technological deficiencies, environmental concerns, and limited investment. With global REE demand projected to grow 10-15% annually by 2030, driven by electric vehicles, renewable energy, and defense, India’s strategic options include policy reforms, technological upgrades, and global partnerships. These require $2.5-4.8 billion in investment by 2030. China’s 40-year dominance, marked by environmental devastation, offers lessons, while Australia, the U.S., and Canada prov...